来自维基:
医生协助自杀:医生或医疗工作者“有意并故意向某人提供自杀所需的知识或(和)手段,这包括告知药物致死的剂量、提供致死药物的处方或药物本身”。(瑞士法律允许协助自杀,强加的唯一条件是必须由本人亲手执行结束自己的生命。)
安乐死(英语:euthanasia, mercy killing):在有或没有征得当事人同意的情况下,终止当事人生命以阻止其继续受苦的行为。在征得当事人同意的情况下,被称之为“自愿安乐死”;而在没有征得当事人同意的情况下,则被称之为“非自愿安乐死”。非自愿安乐死是刑事犯罪行为。
对瑞士有关机构的介绍:
1)来自中文媒体:
在父亲陪伴下的沙白,选择在瑞士最大的安乐死机构:dignitas(尊严),进行physician-assisted suicide.
沙白连续发布了数十个视频,分享她为何会选择安乐死、以及自己生病的感受、对于死亡的认知与解读,包括自己决定放弃生命,联系瑞士安乐死机构,以及如何申请的全过程等。
据不完全了解,前往瑞士安乐死机构“尊严”注册为新会员的华人显著激增:截至2018年底,共有43名中国大陆人、24名中国台湾人、36名中国香港人加入“尊严”协助自杀组织。据称,排队寻求帮助安乐死的两岸三地的华人,至少还有三十多位。但沙白,应当是首位公开获批在瑞士安乐死的中国内地华人。
如今,除了Dignitas“尊严”外,瑞士这类机构还有Exit“解脱”,Eternal Spirit“精神永生”,Ex International“前度国际”和Life Cycle“生命周期”等共计五家机构。“尊严”和“解脱”是最主要的两个机构。
“解脱”只支持瑞士的公民或永久居民自杀,“尊严”、“生命周期”和“前度国际”为外国人提供安乐死服务。
2009年,因为一起协助自杀中出现的丑闻引起的诉讼,在瑞士掀起了好几场媒体大讨论,许多瑞士人担心“死亡旅游”会变成瑞士的一张名片,使国家形象受损,在道德上蒙羞。瑞士在当年10月宣布将严格打击“死亡旅行”现象,司法部长称正在重新审查与协助自杀相关的法律,并称可能关闭瑞士最大的安乐死组织Dignitas(尊严)。
在瑞士国家基金会(SNF)的帮助下,一项针对瑞士两家最大的安乐死组织Exit(解脱)和Dignitas(尊严)的名为《最后的选择-辅助自杀和瑞士死亡旅游业》的调查结论认为,“Exit” 96.6%的顾客来自瑞士境内;“Dignitas” 90%的顾客来自国外,即“死亡游客”,Dignitas每年协助死亡的人数比Exit多一倍,这个调查提议对协助自杀增加限制条款。
近年来,对实施安乐死的病人收取1万瑞郎(约7万元人民币)的费用使人们一直对其充满了怀疑。台湾傅达仁公开的自己“协助自杀”过程全程中所花费用达三百万新台币,约合人民币60万。但显然,这还不是最高的费用。
一部专门记录瑞士安乐死的纪录片认为,这家组织对于这些寻求死亡的病患,看人下菜,如果你是亿万富翁,显然他们会收取更高的费用,一位来自德国的富翁就被收取了二十多万美金。这家组织的财务不透明与他们收取费用的方式,很难不让人怀疑,这可能在某种程度上也成为了一盘赚钱的生意。尽管他们辩解说也会对财务困难的病患给予帮助,但显然,可以“旅游死亡”到贵得让人心惊肉跳的瑞士的病患,没有几个人会付不起这笔死亡费用。
安乐死正在演变成一种大肆推销的产品,人们为了寻求自杀而纷纷涌进瑞士,这种日趋商业化无异于“唯利是图、自私自利”之举,越来越引起公众和相关机构的警惕和戒备。
2)来自英文网络
大意是这种机构里的从业专业人员很多是从其它医疗机构中被踢出来的,比较古怪。负面新闻和官司接连不断。
Exit(解脱)比Dignitas(尊严)的名声要好,原因是Exit 基本上不接受外国人,很安静,不会吸引媒体的注意。
这种组织不能以利润为目的,政府要查账。 沙白选择的Dignitas(尊严)就存在这个问题。
First: Exit and Dignitas are known to attract some weird people as employees. Lots of people from the health sector who got kicked out or couldn’t handle their jobs.
Second they have been involved in several court cases. The most recent one was heirs of a “client” suing them because the woman was very rich and somehow Dignitas was given a large part of her inheritance. However, the court case got dismissed. Also they helped a couple ending their lives and later it was argued that the wife wasn’t completely on board and Dignitas was supposed stop it but they went ahead anyway. So a lot of public scrutiny on them as mentioned by other posters. Which brings me to..,
Third: they are not allowed to provide assisted suicide to people with curable mental illnesses such as depressions. There were some borderline cases in the past and I would hope they are a bit over careful now.
I’m generally in favor of assisted suicide but its a ethical minefield they operate in and they need to pay salaries and rent so… there are definitely issues.
Them not accepting any foreigners is a big reason I think. Fewer big name customers that attract press attention, less foreign press especially making badly researched articles on how the Swiss kill their people, no foreign governments having moral panics about suicides etc
Exit is quiet. You never hear anything about them.