Assuming the defendant plans to enter a plea of not guilty, which almost every defendant does at this early stage, the court will then:

set a date for the next procedural event in the case
consider any bail requests the defendant or the prosecutor makes (usually if the defendant is at liberty -- not in jail -- at the arraignment, the defendant will continue at liberty without a change in bail status)
appoint a lawyer for the defendant upon the defendant's request and a showing of eligibility, and
ask the defendant (or the defendant's lawyer) to "waive time" (that is, give up the defendant's right to have the trial or other statutory proceedings occur within specified periods of time).